The patterns of the patch array shown here have enough lobes and features that a look at their normalized patterns in rectangular coordinates might be interesting. Knowing the basic definitions and functionality of these common antenna types will provide the basis for good deployment decisions. For example, some people like directional antenna patterns to always point up while others like them to point to the right or left because that's the way the antenna will often be deployed. Note that the polarization of an antenna doesn't always imply anything about the size or shape of the antenna. In these cases, both the azimuth plane and elevation plane patterns become important. Before explaining why, let's get into why azimuth matters as much if not more than SRA. The elevation plane beamwidth is the total angular width between the two 3-dB points on the curve. GeoSierra Environmental employs the vertical hydraulic fracturing method (also known as vertical inclusion propagation or VIP) for both single and multi-azimuth installations in addition to horizontal fracture emplacement. The physical antenna (not the package that it is in) is constructed of conductive elements whose combined length is about half of a wavelength at its intended frequency of operation. Antenna patterns are frequently shown normalized to the peak gain. A major component of a wireless LAN system is the antenna. So, whether the elevation plane looks like Figure 6a or Figure 6b, you can be certain that when your dipole or omni is oriented vertically, the antenna will radiate out toward the horizon in an omnidirectional fashion. The dipole is just a special case. It is important to mention that it doesn't really matter in which direction the patterns are shown. The specific azimuth may coincide with the plane defined by surface to planned TD or it may be chosen to match the dominant azimuth of the lateral hole section. In fact, an antenna's properties are the same in either operating mode. Sectors are frequently deployed higher up in the air and may have side lobe and front-to-back ratio requirements associated with them. It is easy to see how the energy radiated from this antenna is more focused, resulting in higher gain (with respect to the dipole). Beamwidth and directionality are two cor… Notice that the back lobes are very small and that the front-to-back ratio is about 30 dB. One of the problems encountered when deploying sectors, or omnidirectional antennas for that matter, is that there can be several nulls in the elevation plane. A sector antenna or "sector panel" is a somewhat specialized antenna frequently encountered in outdoor systems where wide coverage areas are desired. The antenna simply directs the way the radiated power is distributed relative to radiating the power equally in all directions and the gain is just a characterization of the way the power is radiated. Increasing the gain reduces the elevation plane beamwidth and typically increases the number of side lobes. These lines are drawn where the gain is down from the peak by 3-dB. The size and shape of the reflector determines the performance of these antennas to a large extent. So the azimuth plane pattern is a circle, passing through the peak gain at all angles, shown in Figure 4c. This is a simple antenna that radiates its energy out toward the horizon (perpendicular to the antenna). A dipole antenna most commonly refers to a half-wavelength (λ/2) dipole. A sector antenna is almost always categorized by its azimuth plane 3-dB beamwidth. These patterns are expressed in dB with 0 dB corresponding to the peak gain. 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